There's Something About Mary : Throughline (2)

https://www.npr.org/transcripts/882115755

There's Something About Mary : Throughline

 

UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #4: (As Dr. S. Josephine Baker) She fought and struggled and cursed. I tried to explain to her that I only wanted the specimens and that she could go back home. She again refused, and I told the policeman to pick her up, put her in the ambulance. This we did, and the ride down to the hospital was quite a wild one.

 

BARTOLETTI: It takes four police officers to get her into the ambulance.

 

(SOUNDBITE OF HORSES TROTTING)

 

BARTOLETTI: And Dr. Baker sits on top of Mary all the way down to the hospital as the horse-drawn ambulance clatters down the street.

 

+ clatter : 달가닥 하는 소리를 내다 (달그락거리다)

 

UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #4: (As Dr. S. Josephine Baker) It was like being in a cage with an angry lion.

 

BARTOLETTI: She is now under arrest, really, because the New York City Department of Health had the power to do that. They could arrest her, and they could quarantine her.

 

UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #8: (Reading) She was locked up. It was not an attractive or particularly comfortable room, and there was no reason why a strong, active woman who felt herself to be in perfect health should be contented with it. And Mary Mallon was not.

 

+ content : 만족하다

 

BARTOLETTI: Her clothes are taken from her. She's given hospital outfit to wear, a white robe. And now everybody just waits.

 

+ are taken : 빼았기다

 

ABDELFATAH: They had Mary, but what they really needed was her stool. And as a form of protest, one might say, she was holding it in.

 

BARTOLETTI: And at last, you know, Mary couldn't put it off any longer. She used the toilet. And now the hospital was able to get specimens from her. And they discover, yes, indeed, her body is harboring this bacteria that produces typhoid fever.

 

+ harbor : 항구, 은신처, 숨겨주다, 품다

 

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

 

BARTOLETTI: She is now sent to the Riverside Hospital in North Brother Island, which is a 13-acre island in the middle of the East River between Bronx and Queens. And again, she doesn't understand. She feels that she's kidnapped.

 

+ acre : ā-kər 

 

ABDELFATAH: Which is pretty understandable - I mean, regardless of what the test results said, Mary didn't feel sick and, therefore, refused to believe she was sick. At that time, hardly anyone knew anything about this idea of a healthy carrier. Even the medical community had very little understanding of it.

 

ARABLOUEI: In fact, up until that point, there was no record of any healthy typhoid carriers in all of North America. So if Soper was right about Mary, she would be the first - patient zero. And Soper was right.

 

BARTOLETTI: The fact that there were bacteria in her body that caused this fever means that, yes, she did have it. She might have been too young to remember. She might have had such a mild case. But she absolutely had typhoid fever.

 

ARABLOUEI: What do you think made her so afraid of being apprehended? Like, what, in your opinion, is the causes of her resistance?

 

+ apprehend : 체포하다 

+ apprehension : 우려, 불안, 체포

 

BARTOLETTI: I think of Mary's background, what she may have fled from in Ireland. We don't know what kind of life she had there. We don't know. But given that she was born in County Tyrone, stories of murderers and grave robbers who steal bodies and sell them to medical hospitals, you know, they're found in both Irish history as well as Irish folklore. And one of the most famous serial killers, who killed and sold bodies, was William Burke. And he was from County Tyrone.

 

+ folklore : 민속, 전통문화

 

ARABLOUEI: William Burke and his accomplice William Hare ran a deadly scheme in the late 1820s, where they got victims drunk, then smothered them to death and then sold their corpses to a doctor for dissection. Burke and Hare murdered at least 15 people before they were caught.

 

+ accomplice : 공범

+ smother : 질식시켜 죽이다, 듬뿍 바르다, 억누르다

+ dissection : 절개, 해부, 해체

 

BARTOLETTI: And that happened within the lifetime of Mary's parents or grandparents, so she might have heard these stories. We don't know. But we do know that she obviously did not trust science. She did not trust medical science. And she wasn't going to trust any authorities who came after her.

 

+ authority : 권위자라는 뜻도 있다

 

ABDELFATAH: This begins to explain Mary's skepticism of the doctors. She felt vulnerable and violated, especially when they sent her to live in isolation at Riverside Hospital on an island.

 

+ violate : 위반하다, 침해하다, 더럽히다

 

BARTOLETTI: She really believed that they were trying to kidnap her to use her for medical experiments.

 

ABDELFATAH: Living alone in a cottage on what was nicknamed Quarantine Island, Mary's worst fears were coming true. Doctors started to turn routine checkups into experiments, trying out new drug therapies on her, hoping to find a cure.

 

BARTOLETTI: They were trying to disinfect her GI track. And the one drug was a combination of ammonia and formaldehyde. But the only real possibility for possibly curing her was to remove her gallbladder. And that's when Mary was very frightened, also, that she was being used as a medical experiment.

 

+ disinfect : 소독, 살균하다, (컴퓨터의) 바이러스를 제거하다

+ GI track : 위장관

+ gallbladder : 담낭, 쓸개

 

UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #2: (As Mary Mallon) The supervising nurse asked me to have an operation performed. I also told her no. And she said the remark, would it not be better for you to have it done than remain here? I told her no.

 

+ The supervising nurse asked me to have an operation performed : 구조 기억

 

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

 

BARTOLETTI: She continues to fight for her freedom, and she also continues to write threatening letter after threatening letter to George Soper and to Dr. Baker.

 

UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #2: (As Mary Mallon) Why should I be banished like a leper and compelled to live in solitary confinement?

 

ARABLOUEI: When we come back, Mary makes headlines and fights like hell for her freedom.

 

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

 

CHLOE: Hi. This is Chloe (ph).

 

CHRIS: And this is Chris (ph) from Jersey City.

 

CHLOE AND CHRIS: And you're listening to THROUGHLINE from NPR.

 

CHRIS: Yay.

 

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

 

UNIDENTIFIED PERSON #7: Part Three - State-Controlled Fate.

 

ABDELFATAH: Two whole years of life pass by on Quarantine Island, where Mary was holed up against her will.

 

+ hole up : 숨다

 

BARTOLETTI: Her story then makes the news. And you know, they didn't have HIPAA laws back then, and so her identity is known.

 

ARABLOUEI: Known for being the first officially traced carrier of typhoid fever, which inspired the infamous nickname Typhoid Mary.

 

+ carrier : 보균자, 매개체

 

BARTOLETTI: And it becomes fodder for William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer and for their newspapers. And you can just imagine - these two men, they wanted to sell newspapers. You know, they are known for their yellow journalistic style. And so their newsboys would be hawking out on the streets.

 

+ fodder : 가축, 사료

+ yellow journalistic style : 황색언론 (선정주의 성향을 띄며, 원시적인 본능을 위주로 자극적이고 흥미로운 기사에 초점을 맞춤)

 

UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #5: (As Newsboy #1) Extra, extra, read all about it. Extra, extra, human typhoid germ.

 

UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #6: (As Newsboy #2) Human fever factory, human...

 

BARTOLETTI: All these various headlines that would get people to sell the newspapers.

 

UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #6: (As Newsboy #2) "Typhoid Mary - The Extraordinary Predicament of Mary Mallon, A Prisoner of New York's Quarantine Hospital."

 

+ predicament [pri-ˈdi-kə-mənt] : 곤경, 궁지

 

BARTOLETTI: William Randolph Hearst - yes, he loved the sensationalist story, but he also championed the underdog. And it is believed that he hired the attorney by the name of George Francis O'Neill so that Mary could get her day in court.

 

+ sensationalist : 선정주의자, 크게 물의를 일으키는 사람, 풍문을 일으키는 사람

+ champion : ~를 위해 싸우다, 옹호하다

+ underdog : 약자, 약체

 

ARABLOUEI: Just to reiterate here, the head of what would go on to become the largest media conglomerate of the time, William Randolph Hearst, may have actually funded Mary's legal battle against the state, arguing that she had been denied due process. Maybe he did it to root for the underdog, or maybe he did it for the sake of a good story. Either way...

 

+ reitereate : iterate는 반복하다라는 뜻

 

BARTOLETTI: She gets her day in court, and that's two years after she was first quarantined. It took that long for her to get her day in court.

 

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

 

BARTOLETTI: One Sunday, right before she goes to court, she opened up the New York American. It was the Sunday edition, and she sees a two-page spread all about herself.

 

+ The New York American : 뉴옥 저널

 

ABDELFATAH: It was 1909, so newspaper articles were more often accompanied by illustrations and engravings rather than photographs.

 

+ engrave : 새기다

+ engraving : 판화

 

BARTOLETTI: The engravings - oh, they show Mary standing at a stove cracking skulls into a frying pan. I mean, they really are making her seem now as if she's a witch or a sorceress of some sort.

 

+ sorcerer : 마법사

+ sorceress : (여자) 마법사

 

UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #2: (As Mary Mallon) I have been, in fact, a peep show for everybody. Even the interns had to come see me and ask about the facts already known to the whole wide world. The tuberculosis men would say, there she is, the kidnapped woman.

 

+ tuberculosis : 폐결핵

 

BARTOLETTI: And so of course, there's a lot of hype around her trial.

 

+ hype : (대대적이고 과장된) 광고, 선전

 

UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #1: (As reporter) Every effort has been made by the health authorities to cure the unfortunate woman but, so far, without success. There is nothing known to medical science which seems to reach a case like this. It is extremely unfortunate for the woman, but it is the plain duty of the health authorities to safeguard the public from such a menace.

 

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

 

ARABLOUEI: Mary lost her case and was sent back to North Brother Island. Then, in 1910, nearly three years after her initial arrest, New York City hired a new health commissioner. He took a more sympathetic approach to Mary's case and decided that she should be released. But there was a catch.

 

+ case : 소송(ex : I lost my case 나는 내 소송에서 패소했다)

+ commission : 위원회, 수수료, 의뢰하다

+ commissioner : 위원장

+ sympathetic : 연민하는 

+ empathetic : 공감하는 

+ catch : (주로 단수) 문제점

 

BARTOLETTI: She has to promise that she will not cook.

 

ARABLOUEI: The commissioner decided she should be free as long as she didn't put other people at risk.

 

BARTOLETTI: And so in writing, she promises she will not cook. And then she says - because of the disease for which it is possible I may cause - she has to add that in her own writing 'cause she still doesn't believe it.

 

ARABLOUEI: Even though Mary was still fully convinced she was never sick, she signed the affidavit. And with that, she was free.

 

+ affidavit : 진술서

 

ABDELFATAH: With some strings attached. Mary had to report to the health department each month. So she agreed to that, too, and then went back to New York City where she found work doing laundry.

 

ARABLOUEI: A year went by, then another and another.

 

BARTOLETTI: And then, suddenly Mary does not report, and nobody notices. And in November of 1914, there is a very tiny article in, like, the third section of the newspaper that mentions that Mary Mallon has disappeared. Nobody knows where she's gone.

 

Sometime after that, at the Sloane Hospital for Women, typhoid fever has broken out. And there are 25 cases.

 

ABDELFATAH: But nowhere in Sloane's records did it list the name Mary Mallon.

 

BARTOLETTI: Now the story depends who's telling it.

 

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

 

BARTOLETTI: George Soper says he got a call and he went to the hospital and he looked at Mary's handwriting. And he said, yes, this is definitely Mary.

 

ARABLOUEI: But it didn't add up. The cook at the hospital was named Mary Brown.

 

+ add up : 말이 되다, 앞뒤가 맞다

 

BARTOLETTI: Then Dr. Josephine Baker, if you listen to her, she takes credit for having gone to the hospital and figuring out it was Mary Mallon.

 

+ take creadit for sth : ~에 대한 공을 차지하다

 

UNIDENTIFIED ACTOR #4: (As Dr. S. Josephine Baker) I went up there and went into the kitchen. Sure enough, there was Mary, earning her living in the hospital kitchen, spreading typhoid germs among mothers and babies and doctors and nurses, like a destroying angel.

 

BARTOLETTI: And then if you read the New York Sun, the New York Sun says it was the medical staff that figured it out. But in any case, Mary was working at that hospital under a pseudonym.

 

+ pseudonym : 필명(가명)

 

ABDELFATAH: Mary had broken all terms of her agreement. Not only had she stopped seeing her probation officer, she was working as a cook in a hospital and trying to fly under the radar using the name Mary Brown. In just three months working at Sloane, she spread typhoid to 25 people, killing two of them.

 

+ probation : 보호관찰, 근신(기간), (직장에서의) 수습 기간

+ probation officer : 보호 관찰관

+ fly under the radar : 눈에띄지 않게 행동하다

 

The reality is people had died from being exposed to her food. Right? And so there were consequences to her sort of continuing to evade testing and to basically deny that she could possibly have the disease. And so putting myself in her shoes - look, I understand why she felt so defensive. But on the flip side, that's a really dangerous thing for her to have done.

 

+ evade : 회피하다, 피하다

+ put myself in other's shoes : 다른 사람의 입장이 되어보다

+ on the flip side : 반면, 한편

+ That's a really dangerous thing for her to have done : 그건 그녀에게 정말로 위험한 일이었다.

 

BARTOLETTI: Yeah, it was dangerous. She's refusing to go along with what the authorities are telling her, which is to the benefit of society to keep people safe. You know, so for her not to understand and choose not to understand, this is something that was very dangerous.

 

ARABLOUEI: So Mary realized they were after her again. And so she ran - again.

 

+ be after : ~를 추구하다, 찾다

 

BARTOLETTI: And now the hunt begins for Mary. And she is found in a home. The police officers show up, and she locks herself into a room. And there were two dogs. And fortunately, the one police officer has brought with him a steak (laughter). And he tosses it to the dogs, and they go after the steak. And then he's able to capture Mary.

 

She was then arrested again after, you know, being found in the - out that she was working in the hospital - sentenced again to Riverside Hospital. And now she's resigned. She's going to stay there. She knows she's going to live her life out there.

 

ARABLOUEI: Mary returned to her private cottage on North Brother Island, where she stayed for a total of 26 years. She died of pneumonia in 1938 at the age of 69.

 

+ penumonia [nu̇-ˈmō-nyə] : 폐렴

 

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

 

ABDELFATAH: Mary was pretty stubborn in her resistance to getting testing. And of course, she had her reasons - right? - as you laid out. But I'm wondering, was there a failure of communicating with her on the part of, like, the authorities that contributed to her heightened fear, you know?

 

+ lay out : 펼치다, 설계하다

+ heighten [hī-tᵊn] : 고조시키다 

 

BARTOLETTI: Oh, I believe so. I think when George Soper appeared in that kitchen and accused her - he literally told her she wasn't washing her hands after using the toilet - she was insulted. And she was frightened because she didn't want to lose her work, her only means of employment. And I think that a lot of it is meeting a person where that person is. Maybe he needed to explain it to her differently. Maybe he shouldn't have gone in expecting her to understand, you know, right away what he was talking about. Maybe it frightened her. Maybe, you know, for someone to show up in your kitchen and say I need some urine and stool samples in the year 1906, that was a pretty personal request (laughter).

 

ARABLOUEI: Still, George Soper got credit, shared with Dr. Baker - which he wasn't very happy about - for tracking Mary down and stopping the spread. And this paved the road to a successful career, which ultimately led him to serve as the director of the American Cancer Society.

 

BARTOLETTI: Yeah, he absolutely got credit. He's the one who, you know, through the contact tracing found Mary Mallon. And so, yeah, he should get credit.

 

ARABLOUEI: This credit paved the way to published articles in highly respected medical journals that detailed Mary's story - of course, from Soper's perspective. Those articles then cemented him as the authority on the subject, making Soper the primary voice in the historical record, not Mary.

 

+ cement : 결속시키다, 접합시키다

 

BARTOLETTI: You know, from Mary all we have is a six-page letter that she wrote. Those are the only words we have from Mary Mallon. We also have quotes from interviews that she had given to various newspapers. Other than that, what we have are accounts from Josephine Baker and accounts from George Soper. He brought his own prejudices and his own worldview and perhaps his own lack of trust. We talk about Mary's lack of trust, but his own lack of trust, you know, to how he treated Mary.

 

+ account : 설명

 

ARABLOUEI: Ultimately, Mary was traced to a total of around 50 typhoid cases and three deaths. This is tragic, no doubt, but George Soper himself later admitted that this was not as large a toll as other carriers who were discovered after Mary received a life sentence in quarantine.

 

BARTOLETTI: Even the court system were treating men differently. Mary, at the time, a woman living alone - she didn't have much recourse. You know, there was no unemployment. There was no welfare. There was no sort of assistance to help someone like her out. When the courts discovered men who were also healthy carriers, the court tended to be more lenient because - oh, you know, he has a family. He has four children. And I think that goes back to the expectation - what people expect of women, women being held to a different standard. You know, there were men at that time who infected people, including children. They were treated differently.

 

+ recourse : (힘든 상황에 도움을 얻기위한) 의지

+ lenient : 관대한

 

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

 

ABDELFATAH: The story of Mary Mallon shows just how much public health efforts in the real world get linked to racial, gender and economic inequality. Often, the people who face the biggest risks from disease, then and now, are at the bottom of the social hierarchy.

 

ARABLOUEI: And this is one of the reasons that who sets and who follows public health directives remains such a complicated issue. People may not be able to heed warnings to stay home during lockdown because they have to go to work, or maybe years of systemic inequities mean that they just don't trust the authorities giving them information. And in some cases, people just don't want to be told what to do. So it becomes more difficult to just blanketly call people wrong or selfish for resisting public health regulations.

 

+ directive : 지시, 지시하는

+ heed : 주의를 기울이다

+ blanketly : 모든것을 포함하는

 

ABDELFATAH: And as the months of this pandemic go on and on, we're likely to see this tension between individual decisions and the greater good play out in different ways over and over again.

 

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

 

ABDELFATAH: That's it for this week's show. I'm Rund Abdelfatah.

 

ARABLOUEI: I'm Ramtin Arablouei. And you've been listening to THROUGHLINE from NPR.

 

ABDELFATAH: This episode was produced by me.

 

ARABLOUEI: And me. And...

 

JAMIE YORK, BYLINE: Jamie York.

 

LAWRENCE WU, BYLINE: Lawrence Wu.

 

LAINE KAPLAN LEVENSON, BYLINE: Laine Kaplan Levenson.

 

JULIE CAINE, BYLINE: Julie Caine.

 

KIA MIAKKA NATISSE, BYLINE: Kia Miakka Natisse.

 

N'JERI EATON, BYLINE: N'Jeri Eaton.

 

ABDELFATAH: Fact checking for this episode was done by Kevin Volkl.

 

ARABLOUEI: Thanks also to Alex Curley (ph), Steve Tyson (ph), Austin Horn (ph), Collette Murphy (ph) and Camille Smiley (ph) for their voiceover work. Also thanks to Anya Grundmann and to our guest Susan Campbell Bartoletti, author of "Terrible Typhoid Mary: A True Story Of The Deadliest Cook In America." And a big shoutout out to our friends at NPR's Morning Edition for suggesting this episode.

 

ARABLOUEI: Our music was composed by Ramtin and his band, Drop Electric, which includes...

 

NAVID MARVI: Navid Marvi.

 

SHO FUJIWARA: Sho Fujiwara.

 

ANYA MIZANI: Anya Mizani.

 

ARABLOUEI: And one last thing - we wanted to ask something of teachers who are thinking about next school year and would maybe like to sneak in a summer assignment. Are there episodes of THROUGHLINE that you'd like your students to hear? Are there particular episodes that you found useful in teaching history that isn't in textbooks or doesn't get the treatment it deserves? If so, we'd love to hear from you. Please leave us a message at 872-588-8805. Again, the number is 872-588-8805. If you have an idea or like something on this show, please write us at throughline@npr.org, or find us on Twitter at @throughlinenpr.

 

ABDELFATAH: Thanks for listening.